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Subject International
Codes
International declarations and codes for research
- Declaration
of Helsinki from the World Medical Association.
The Declaration has three parts. Part I lists 12 ethical principles
that were heavily influenced by the Nuremberg Code. Part II outlines
6 principles for combining medical research with patient care.
Part III lists 4 ethical principles for protecting participants
in non-clinical medical research.
- Nuremberg
Code, established in 1949 as part of the Nuremberg
War Crimes Tribunal. The Code lists10 ethical principles for
human subject research. The Code emphasizes informed consent,
right to withdraw, protecting the subject from unnecessary harm,
needless risk, or improper procedures.
- International Ethical Guidelines
for Biomedical Research Involving Human Subjects (CIOMS) with
(WHO) 2002. 21 Guidelines for directing international medical
research in low resource countries
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