Key Findings:

• Among those with the highest levels of mental health need, rural children are more often identified with an ADHD diagnosis than urban children (24.7% vs. 19.8%; p<.05).
• The higher prevalence of ADHD diagnosis and stimulant prescribing in rural areas likely results from a greater need for such treatment, based on scores from the Columbia Impairment Scale.
• Among those with a possible mental health impairment, rural children are less likely to be diagnosed with a psychiatric illness other than ADHD and are less likely to receive counseling.
• Higher rates of poverty, public coverage, and mental health impairment among rural children explain their greater likelihood of a mental health prescription and stimulant use.

Suggested citation: Anderson, N., Neuwirth, S., Lenardson, J.D., & Hartley, D. (2013, April). Rural children experience different rates of mental health diagnosis and treatment. (Research & Policy Brief). Portland, ME: University of Southern Maine, Muskie School of Public Service, Maine Rural Health Research Center.

Research has shown that essential information is often missing during transfer of nursing facility residents to the ED, and communication problems between nursing facilities an EDs are one of the most cited barriers to providing quality patient care.  Tools, such as tranfer forms and checklists, that improve communication between settings of care help improve patient safety and quality of care. 

This Policy Brief includes an appendix of transfer forms from 11 organizations.

Key Findings:

• Transfers to the hospital emergency department (ED) are common for many nursing facility (NF) residents, with over 25% experiencing at least one ED visit annually, and many encountering repeat visits.

• Communication issues, including incomplete information during transfer, impact clinical care of the elderly NF resident transferred to the ED.

• Several studies strongly recommend the use of standardized transfer forms as a way of improving communication, which ultimately improves patient safety and quality of care. However, standardized transfer forms, in and of themselves, are not sufficient to solve communication issues between the sites of care (NF, EMS, ED).

• The establishment of ongoing relationships between hospital, EMS, and nursing facility staff help facilitate effective communication regarding patient needs during the transfer process and encourage the development of a systems approach to the transition of care.

Why are standardized transfer forms helpful?

For Nursing Facilities: they help facilitate accurate exchange of information, reduce potentially avoidable hospitalizations, and provide a record of the patient's condition upon return.

For Nursing Facility residents: they help to increase the efficiency and effectiveness of transfer and treatment and may help the resident avoid additional health complications and emotional trauma.

For EMS: they provide the needed information to treat the patient en route and facilitate an accurate and comprehensive handoff report to the hospital.

For Hospitals: they help facilitate effective assessment and treatment of the patient in the ED, minimizes time spent in the ED, and reduces unnecessary admissions.

For Policymakers: to help reduce costs associated with unnecessary hospitalizations and longer ED lengths of stay.

Suggested citation: Pearson KB, Coburn AF. Emergency Transfers of the Elderly From Nursing Facilities to Critical Access Hospitals: Opportunities for Improving Patient Safety and Quality. (Policy Brief #32).  Portland, ME: Flex Monitoring Team; January 2013.

For more information on this study, please contact Karen Pearson at karenp@usm.maine.edu

Citation: Lambert, D., & Gale, J.A. (2012). Integrating care in rural areas. In Smalley, K.B., Warren, J.C., & Rainer, J.P. (Eds.), Rural Mental Health. (pp. 131-148). New York, NY: Springer Publishing Co.